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His job was to predict events in the future, and dreams were an instrument to this purpose. While such a work sounds really psychological after Freud, Artemidorus wasn’t a psychoanalyst, but a diviner who lived in the second century AD. The first one is a Greek book, the Interpretation of Dreams by Artemidorus Daldanius. In general, Latin was dominant in the Western half of the Empire, while Greek was used by the upper classes of the Eastern half, where a number of other languages were also spoken locally (just to name a few that survived until today, Coptic was spoken in Egypt, Aramaic in the Levant, and Armenian in parts of Asia Minor).Īnyway, the sources we rely on are of two types: texts and representations. So we need to assume that what was true in a period or area might not have been true in another, and that different languages used different names. But it’s not just a large area: the Empire was never culturally or linguistically homogeneous. That’s some 7 or 8 hundred years to look into, and an enormous territory. The defeat of the Ostrogoths by the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian marked the definitive end of the gladiatorial games in Western Europe. We are, of course, talking about the Roman Empire, where gladiatorial games were held for a very long time, from an unknown starting date, placed by the Roman historian Titus Livy in 264 BC, to the sixth century AD, when Italy was already lost to the Empire and ruled by the Goths. Let’s start off with a look at the sources and the period and place whence this weapon originates. But what was it used for? And was that its actual name? However, it is based on an actual gladiatorial weapon. It is an unusual weapon, vaguely resembling a pirate’s hook, as Skallagrim remarks.